在国内使用官方的镜像源安装 Ubuntu 应用非常慢，通常配置国内的镜像源来加快速度，如阿里云。
这里以[阿里云镜像源]为例，替换掉官方源。
使用
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/替换http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/，需要查看一下文件/etc/apt/sources.list，要替换的可能是http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/。
替换配置
sed -i 's/cn.archive.ubuntu.com/mirrors.aliyun.com/g' /etc/apt/sources.list
sed -i 's/archive.ubuntu.com/mirrors.aliyun.com/g' /etc/apt/sources.list
基于配置的镜像源更新安装包的列表
apt-get update
国内主要的 Ubuntu 镜像源
Kubernetes集群为了不影响性能要禁用交换分区。
查看交换区信息
$ swapon --show
临时禁用 /proc/swaps 中的交换分区（系统重启后会失效）
$ sudo swapoff -a
启用 /etc/fstab 中的所有交换区
$ sudo swapon -a
禁用交换分区（系统重启后也有效）
$ sudo sed -i '/swap/s/^/#/' /etc/fstab
查看是否禁用交换分区（什么也不显示代表成功）
$ swapon
参考资料
之前在文件
/etc/resolv.conf中设置了，过段时间总是自动恢复默认值。（注释中写的很详细，是不可编辑的由系统自动生成的文件）
/etc/resolv.conf # This file is managed by man:systemd-resolved(8). Do not edit. # # This is a dynamic resolv.conf file for connecting local clients to the # internal DNS stub resolver of systemd-resolved. This file lists all # configured search domains. # # Run "resolvectl status" to see details about the uplink DNS servers # currently in use. # # Third party programs must not access this file directly, but only through the # symlink at /etc/resolv.conf. To manage man:resolv.
今天同事安装了一台新的服务器Ubuntu20.04，但用户名和主机名不是我想要的，这里尝试了直接修改Linux文件的方式。
登录root用户
$ su - root
修改用户信息
/etc/passwd
# nano /etc/passwd
username:x:1000:1000:username:/home/username:/bin/bash
/etc/shadow
# nano /etc/shadow
username:D78/D2/DdYW.FVG.GlqDlZsZ4sK21gSxhDooqWlJtCVl3oUbDUTKtGxBWkCE3E/Oha40kjDrk0pBbsvT4TwtzuH61vYmnJ/GY.bAHWbVv1:18545:0:99999:7:::
/etc/group
# nano /etc/group
adm:x:4:syslog,username
cdrom:x:24:username
sudo:x:27:username
dip:x:30:username
plugdev:x:46:username
lxd:x:116:username
username:x:1000:
修改HOME路径
# mv /home/old_username /home/new_username
修改主机名 /etc/hostname # nano /etc/hostname hos
在 Ubuntu20.04 上安装 Docker
安装 Docker
$ curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com | sh -
把用户名(username)加入到 docker 组，这样以后在非 root 用户下不用每次操作都 sudo。
$ sudo usermod -aG docker username
需要退出用户会话，重新登录方可生效。
卸载Docker
$ sudo apt-get remove --auto-remove docker
$ sudo rm -rf /var/lib/docker
安装 Apt-Cacher-NG
$ sudo apt install apt-cacher-ng
$ sudo systemctl enable apt-cacher-ng
$ sudo service apt-cacher-ng start
配置
$ sudo nano /etc/apt-cacher-ng/acng.conf
查看缓存目录的数据
$ du -sh /var/cache/apt-cacher-ng/
19M /var/cache/apt-cacher-ng/
客户端配置
$ sudo nano /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/00aptproxy
Acquire::http::Proxy "http://172.16.33.157:3142";
安装软件
$ sudo apt install nodejs
参考资料 使用apt-cacher-ng的快速Debian/Ubuntu軟件包緩存代理設置 使用“ apt-cacher”设置“ apt-cache”服务器 使用 apt-mir
Ubuntu
服务端
sudo apt install nfs-kernel-server
sudo systemctl status nfs-server
sudo cat /proc/fs/nfsd/versions
-2 +3 +4 +4.1 +4.2
sudo nano /etc/exports
/data/nfs 172.16.33.0/24(rw,sync,fsid=0,crossmnt,no_subtree_check)
sudo exportfs -ra
sudo exportfs -v
sudo systemctl restart nfs-server
客户端
sudo apt install nfs-common
showmount -e 172.16.33.157
Export list for 172.16.33.157:
/data/nfs 172.16.33.0/24,172.16.128.164
sudo mount -t nfs 172.16.33.157:/ $(pwd)/nfs
sudo umount $(pwd)/nfs
参考资料 如何在Ubuntu 18.04上安装和配置NFS服务器 ubuntu18.
分区
列出块设备信息
lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
loop0 7:0 0 71.3M 1 loop /snap/lxd/18772
loop1 7:1 0 55.4M 1 loop /snap/core18/1944
loop2 7:2 0 31.1M 1 loop /snap/snapd/10492
loop3 7:3 0 31.1M 1 loop /snap/snapd/10707
loop4 7:4 0 71.2M 1 loop /snap/lxd/18674
loop5 7:5 0 55.4M 1 loop /snap/core18/1932
sda 8:0 1 558G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 1 1M 0 part
└─sda2 8:2 1 558G 0 part /
sdb 8:16 1 2.2T 0 disk
创建分区 sudo fdisk /dev/sdb Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.34). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command.
查看系统的时区
$ ll /etc/localtime
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 35 2月 18 2020 /etc/localtime -> ../usr/share/zoneinfo/UTC
列出有效的时区
$ timedatectl list-timezones
Africa/Abidjan
......
America/New_York
......
Asia/Shanghai
......
设置时区
# timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai
查看系统的时区
$ ll /etc/localtime
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 35 2月 18 2020 /etc/localtime -> ../usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai
生成身份验证密钥
ssh-keygen -t rsa，在~/.ssh/目录下生成私匙id_rsa和公匙id_rsa.pub两个文件。
$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/username/.ssh/id_rsa): 直接回车
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): 直接回车
Enter same passphrase again: 直接回车
Your identification has been saved in /home/username/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /home/username/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:foo-YWwIv/a/HGEGt9P6vvmff/QjBGEvzlYM4hBWeR0 username@hostname
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
| +oo.ooE.|
| . o..o+. |
| . . .. .+ |
| . o o o.o |
| o o S . +. |
| o =+ + .. ..|
| + .+ . . o..|
| o .o = . + .o|
| . o+o=o+o. o..|
+----[SHA256]-----+
Ubuntu
修改IP
$ sudo nano /etc/netplan/00-installer-config.yaml
# This is the network config written by 'subiquity'
network:
ethernets:
eno1:
addresses:
- 172.16.33.1/24
gateway4: 172.16.33.254
nameservers: {}
version: 2
应用配置
$ sudo netplan apply
# 推荐使用 debug 参数
$ sudo netplan --debug apply
或者
sudo netplan generate
验证
ip a | grep eno1
2: eno1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000
inet 172.16.33.1/24 brd 172.16.33.255 scope global eno1
参考资料 How to setup a static IP on Ubuntu Server 18.04 How to configure Network Settings in Ubuntu 18.
Ubuntu
sudo apt-get install openssh-server
sudo apt-get remove openssh-server
sudo service ssh start
sudo service ssh stop
sudo service ssh restart
service ssh status
sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
ssh username@ip -p 22
sudo update-rc.d ssh defaults
sudo update-rc.d ssh remove
ls /etc/rc*
......
......
ls -l /etc/rc2.d/S02ssh
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 12月 25 16:33 /etc/rc2.d/S02ssh -> ../init.d/ssh
参考资料