---
layout: single
title:  "在 Kubernetes 上部署 MySQL"
date:   2023-07-13 08:00:00 +0800
categories: [容器与云原生, 操作系统]
tags: [Kubernetes, StatefulSet, MySQL]
---

## 部署单实例 MySQL
### 创建 PVC（NFS）
mysql-pvc.yaml
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: mysql-pv-claim
spec:
  storageClassName: nfs-client
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 20Gi
```

### 创建 Deployment
mysql-deployment.yaml
```yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: mysql
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: mysql
  strategy:
    type: Recreate
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: mysql
    spec:
      containers:
      - image: mysql:5.6
        name: mysql
        env:
          # Use secret in real usage
        - name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
          value: password
        ports:
        - containerPort: 3306
          name: mysql
        volumeMounts:
        - name: mysql-persistent-storage
          mountPath: /var/lib/mysql
      volumes:
      - name: mysql-persistent-storage
        persistentVolumeClaim:
          claimName: mysql-pv-claim
```

### 创建 Service
mysql-service.yaml
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: mysql
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 3306
  selector:
    app: mysql
  clusterIP: None
```

### 部署
```shell
kubectl apply -f .
```

#### 查看 Deployment 相关信息
```shell
kubectl describe deployment mysql
```
```
Name:               mysql
Namespace:          default
CreationTimestamp:  Thu, 13 Jul 2023 16:55:46 +0800
Labels:             <none>
Annotations:        deployment.kubernetes.io/revision: 1
Selector:           app=mysql
Replicas:           1 desired | 1 updated | 1 total | 1 available | 0 unavailable
StrategyType:       Recreate
MinReadySeconds:    0
Pod Template:
  Labels:  app=mysql
  Containers:
   mysql:
    Image:      mysql:5.6
    Port:       3306/TCP
    Host Port:  0/TCP
    Environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD:  password
    Mounts:
      /var/lib/mysql from mysql-persistent-storage (rw)
  Volumes:
   mysql-persistent-storage:
    Type:       PersistentVolumeClaim (a reference to a PersistentVolumeClaim in the same namespace)
    ClaimName:  mysql-pv-claim
    ReadOnly:   false
Conditions:
  Type           Status  Reason
  ----           ------  ------
  Available      True    MinimumReplicasAvailable
  Progressing    True    NewReplicaSetAvailable
OldReplicaSets:  <none>
NewReplicaSet:   mysql-79c4686d65 (1/1 replicas created)
Events:
  Type    Reason             Age   From                   Message
  ----    ------             ----  ----                   -------
  Normal  ScalingReplicaSet  14m   deployment-controller  Scaled up replica set mysql-79c4686d65 to 1
```

### 访问 MySQL 实例
运行 MySQL 客户端，通过 Service 连接到服务器。 如果连接成功，你就知道有状态的 MySQL 数据库正处于运行状态。
```shell
kubectl run -it --rm --image=mysql:5.6 --restart=Never mysql-client -- mysql -h mysql -ppassword
```

```
If you don't see a command prompt, try pressing enter.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1
Server version: 5.6.51 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>
```

## 部署 MySQL 集群
### 创建 ConfigMap
mysql-configmap.yaml
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: mysql
  labels:
    app: mysql
    app.kubernetes.io/name: mysql
data:
  primary.cnf: |
    # 仅在主服务器上应用此配置
    [mysqld]
    log-bin    
  replica.cnf: |
    # 仅在副本服务器上应用此配置
    [mysqld]
    super-read-only
```

```bash
wget https://k8s.io/examples/application/mysql/mysql-configmap.yaml
kubectl apply -f mysql-configmap.yaml
```

### 创建 Service
```yaml
# 为 StatefulSet 成员提供稳定的 DNS 表项的无头服务（Headless Service）
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: mysql
  labels:
    app: mysql
    app.kubernetes.io/name: mysql
spec:
  ports:
  - name: mysql
    port: 3306
  clusterIP: None
  selector:
    app: mysql
---
# 用于连接到任一 MySQL 实例执行读操作的客户端服务
# 对于写操作，你必须连接到主服务器：mysql-0.mysql
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: mysql-read
  labels:
    app: mysql
    app.kubernetes.io/name: mysql
    readonly: "true"
spec:
  ports:
  - name: mysql
    port: 3306
  selector:
    app: mysql
```

```bash
wget https://k8s.io/examples/application/mysql/mysql-services.yaml
kubectl apply -f mysql-services.yaml
```

### 创建 StatefulSet
```yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
  name: mysql
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: mysql
      app.kubernetes.io/name: mysql
  serviceName: mysql
  replicas: 3
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: mysql
        app.kubernetes.io/name: mysql
    spec:
      initContainers:
      - name: init-mysql
        image: mysql:5.7
        command:
        - bash
        - "-c"
        - |
          set -ex
          # 基于 Pod 序号生成 MySQL 服务器的 ID。
          [[ $HOSTNAME =~ -([0-9]+)$ ]] || exit 1
          ordinal=${BASH_REMATCH[1]}
          echo [mysqld] > /mnt/conf.d/server-id.cnf
          # 添加偏移量以避免使用 server-id=0 这一保留值。
          echo server-id=$((100 + $ordinal)) >> /mnt/conf.d/server-id.cnf
          # 将合适的 conf.d 文件从 config-map 复制到 emptyDir。
          if [[ $ordinal -eq 0 ]]; then
            cp /mnt/config-map/primary.cnf /mnt/conf.d/
          else
            cp /mnt/config-map/replica.cnf /mnt/conf.d/
          fi          
        volumeMounts:
        - name: conf
          mountPath: /mnt/conf.d
        - name: config-map
          mountPath: /mnt/config-map
      - name: clone-mysql
        image: m.daocloud.io/gcr.io/google-samples/xtrabackup:1.0
        command:
        - bash
        - "-c"
        - |
          set -ex
          # 如果已有数据，则跳过克隆。
          [[ -d /var/lib/mysql/mysql ]] && exit 0
          # 跳过主实例（序号索引 0）的克隆。
          [[ `hostname` =~ -([0-9]+)$ ]] || exit 1
          ordinal=${BASH_REMATCH[1]}
          [[ $ordinal -eq 0 ]] && exit 0
          # 从原来的对等节点克隆数据。
          ncat --recv-only mysql-$(($ordinal-1)).mysql 3307 | xbstream -x -C /var/lib/mysql
          # 准备备份。
          xtrabackup --prepare --target-dir=/var/lib/mysql          
        volumeMounts:
        - name: data
          mountPath: /var/lib/mysql
          subPath: mysql
        - name: conf
          mountPath: /etc/mysql/conf.d
      containers:
      - name: mysql
        image: mysql:5.7
        env:
        - name: MYSQL_ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD
          value: "1"
        ports:
        - name: mysql
          containerPort: 3306
        volumeMounts:
        - name: data
          mountPath: /var/lib/mysql
          subPath: mysql
        - name: conf
          mountPath: /etc/mysql/conf.d
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: 500m
            memory: 1Gi
        livenessProbe:
          exec:
            command: ["mysqladmin", "ping"]
          initialDelaySeconds: 30
          periodSeconds: 10
          timeoutSeconds: 5
        readinessProbe:
          exec:
            # 检查我们是否可以通过 TCP 执行查询（skip-networking 是关闭的）。
            command: ["mysql", "-h", "127.0.0.1", "-e", "SELECT 1"]
          initialDelaySeconds: 5
          periodSeconds: 2
          timeoutSeconds: 1
      - name: xtrabackup
        image: m.daocloud.io/gcr.io/google-samples/xtrabackup:1.0
        ports:
        - name: xtrabackup
          containerPort: 3307
        command:
        - bash
        - "-c"
        - |
          set -ex
          cd /var/lib/mysql

          # 确定克隆数据的 binlog 位置（如果有的话）。
          if [[ -f xtrabackup_slave_info && "x$(<xtrabackup_slave_info)" != "x" ]]; then
            # XtraBackup 已经生成了部分的 “CHANGE MASTER TO” 查询
            # 因为我们从一个现有副本进行克隆。(需要删除末尾的分号!)
            cat xtrabackup_slave_info | sed -E 's/;$//g' > change_master_to.sql.in
            # 在这里要忽略 xtrabackup_binlog_info （它是没用的）。
            rm -f xtrabackup_slave_info xtrabackup_binlog_info
          elif [[ -f xtrabackup_binlog_info ]]; then
            # 我们直接从主实例进行克隆。解析 binlog 位置。
            [[ `cat xtrabackup_binlog_info` =~ ^(.*?)[[:space:]]+(.*?)$ ]] || exit 1
            rm -f xtrabackup_binlog_info xtrabackup_slave_info
            echo "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_LOG_FILE='${BASH_REMATCH[1]}',\
                  MASTER_LOG_POS=${BASH_REMATCH[2]}" > change_master_to.sql.in
          fi

          # 检查我们是否需要通过启动复制来完成克隆。
          if [[ -f change_master_to.sql.in ]]; then
            echo "Waiting for mysqld to be ready (accepting connections)"
            until mysql -h 127.0.0.1 -e "SELECT 1"; do sleep 1; done

            echo "Initializing replication from clone position"
            mysql -h 127.0.0.1 \
                  -e "$(<change_master_to.sql.in), \
                          MASTER_HOST='mysql-0.mysql', \
                          MASTER_USER='root', \
                          MASTER_PASSWORD='', \
                          MASTER_CONNECT_RETRY=10; \
                        START SLAVE;" || exit 1
            # 如果容器重新启动，最多尝试一次。
            mv change_master_to.sql.in change_master_to.sql.orig
          fi

          # 当对等点请求时，启动服务器发送备份。
          exec ncat --listen --keep-open --send-only --max-conns=1 3307 -c \
            "xtrabackup --backup --slave-info --stream=xbstream --host=127.0.0.1 --user=root"          
        volumeMounts:
        - name: data
          mountPath: /var/lib/mysql
          subPath: mysql
        - name: conf
          mountPath: /etc/mysql/conf.d
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: 100m
            memory: 100Mi
      volumes:
      - name: conf
        emptyDir: {}
      - name: config-map
        configMap:
          name: mysql
  volumeClaimTemplates:
  - metadata:
      name: data
    spec:
      storageClassName: nfs-client
      accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce"]
      resources:
        requests:
          storage: 10Gi
```
* 修改 `image: gcr.io/google-samples/xtrabackup:1.0` 为 `image: m.daocloud.io/gcr.io/google-samples/xtrabackup:1.0`
* 增加 `storageClassName: nfs-client`

```bash
wget https://k8s.io/examples/application/mysql/mysql-statefulset.yaml
kubectl apply -f mysql-statefulset.yaml
```

查看启动进度
```bash
kubectl get pods -l app=mysql --watch
```
```
NAME      READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
mysql-0   2/2     Running   0          30m
mysql-1   2/2     Running   0          29m
mysql-2   2/2     Running   0          27m
```

### 发送客户端请求
请求发送到 MySQL 主服务器（主机名 `mysql-0.mysql`）。

```bash
kubectl run mysql-client --image=mysql:5.7 -i --rm --restart=Never --\
  mysql -h mysql-0.mysql <<EOF
CREATE DATABASE test;
CREATE TABLE test.messages (message VARCHAR(250));
INSERT INTO test.messages VALUES ('hello');
EOF
```

使用主机名 `mysql-read` 将测试查询发送到任何报告为就绪的服务器：

```bash
kubectl run mysql-client --image=mysql:5.7 -i -t --rm --restart=Never --\
  mysql -h mysql-read -e "SELECT * FROM test.messages"
```

```
If you don't see a command prompt, try pressing enter.
+---------+
| message |
+---------+
| hello   |
+---------+
pod "mysql-client" deleted
```

## 参考资料
* [运行一个单实例有状态应用](https://kubernetes.io/zh-cn/docs/tasks/run-application/run-single-instance-stateful-application/)
* [运行一个有状态的应用程序](https://kubernetes.io/zh-cn/docs/tasks/run-application/run-replicated-stateful-application/)
* [如何轻松的下载海外镜像](https://www.cnblogs.com/wubolive/p/17317586.html)
* [0/1 nodes are available: 1 pod has unbound immediate PersistentVolumeClaims](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/74741993/0-1-nodes-are-available-1-pod-has-unbound-immediate-persistentvolumeclaims)
* [在 GKE 上部署有状态 MySQL 集群](https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/tutorials/stateful-workloads/mysql?hl=zh-cn)