华为 Atlas 800I A2 大模型部署实战（一）：驱动/固件安装与MCU升级
这份文档提供了关于华为 Atlas 800I A2 推理服务器的详细部署指南。它首先介绍了服务器的硬件配置，包括其基于鲲鹏 920 CPU和昇腾 910 AI 处理器的架构。随后，文档详细阐述了驱动、固件和 MCU 的安装流程，明确区分了首次安装和覆盖安装的步骤差异。此外，它还提供了在安装前检查操作系统和 NPU 芯片状态的指导，并展示了如何获取所需的软件包和创建运行用户。最后，文档通过命令行示例，分步演示了驱动和固件的安装，以及MCU 固件的升级方法，确保了服务器的正常运行和功能完备。
服务器配置
AI 服务器：华为 Atlas 800I A2 推理服务器
| 组件 | 规格 |
|---|---|
| CPU | 鲲鹏 920（5250） |
| NPU | 昇腾 910B4（8X32G） |
| 内存 | 1024GB |
| 硬盘 | 系统盘：450GB SSDX2 RAID1 数据盘：3.5TB NVME SSDX4 |
| 操作系统 | openEuler 22.03 LTS |
Atlas 800I A2 介绍
Atlas 800I A2 推理服务器是基于鲲鹏920+昇腾910 AI处理器的AI推理设备。
| 1 | 铜排模块 | 2 | NPU模组 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | 硬盘背板 | 4 | 加强横梁 |
| 5 | NPU载板 | 6 | 参数面板接口卡 |
| 7 | 机箱 | 8 | CPU主板导风罩 |
| 9 | 硬盘 | 10 | 风扇模块 |
| 11 | CPU散热器 | 12 | DIMM |
| 13 | 灵活IO卡 (选配) | 14 | CPU主板 |
| 15 | 电源框 | 16 | 电源模块 |
| 17 | Riser模组2 | 18 | Riser模组1 |
安装流程
graph LR
A[开始] --> B{确认操作系统}
B --> C{获取软件包}
C --> D{创建运行用户}
D --> E{检查环境}
E -- 首次安装 --> F[安装驱动]
F --> H[安装固件]
E -- 覆盖安装 --> G[安装固件]
G --> I[安装驱动]
H --> J[升级MCU]
I --> J[升级MCU]
J --> K[结束]
- 首次安装场景：硬件设备刚出厂时未安装驱动，或者硬件设备前期安装过驱动固件但是当前已卸载，上述场景属于首次安装场景，需按照
“驱动->固件”的顺序安装驱动固件。 - 覆盖安装场景：硬件设备前期安装过驱动固件且未卸载，当前要再次安装驱动固件，此场景属于覆盖安装场景，需按照
“固件->驱动”的顺序安装固件驱动。 - 由于设备出厂时已集成了MCU初始版本，为了保障所有功能正常使用，需将MCU升级到和驱动固件配套的版本。MCU升级操作具体请参见《Atlas A2 中心推理和训练硬件 24.1.0 NPU驱动和固件升级指导书》中“物理机升级>升级MCU”章节。
确认操作系统
查询服务器支持的操作系统
参考昇腾计算兼容性查询助手。
备注说明:
- 87.默认不支持virt-manager管理
- 92.SOC SAS控制器下的SAS/SATA硬盘安装系统时请选择直接安装方式安装,请在操作系统兼容性添加RAID控制卡型号查询RAID控制卡与OS的兼容性
- 125.推荐使用kernel-5.10.0-60.70.0.94.oe2203.aarch64及以上的内核版本
- 127.仅兼容内核版本4.19.90-24.4
- 128.仅兼容内核版本4.19.90-52.22
- 129.仅兼容内核版本4.19.90-2107.6.0.0098.oe1.bclinux.aarch64。
- 134.建议使用最小安装方式安装OS
查询服务器的操作系统架构及版本
uname -m && cat /etc/*release
aarch64
openEuler release 22.03 LTS
NAME="openEuler"
VERSION="22.03 LTS"
ID="openEuler"
VERSION_ID="22.03"
PRETTY_NAME="openEuler 22.03 LTS"
ANSI_COLOR="0;31"
openEuler release 22.03 LTS
查询 CPU 信息
lscpu
Architecture: aarch64
CPU op-mode(s): 64-bit
Byte Order: Little Endian
CPU(s): 192
On-line CPU(s) list: 0-191
Vendor ID: HiSilicon
BIOS Vendor ID: HiSilicon
Model name: Kunpeng-920
BIOS Model name: HUAWEI Kunpeng 920 5250
Model: 0
Thread(s) per core: 1
Core(s) per socket: 48
Socket(s): 4
Stepping: 0x1
Frequency boost: disabled
CPU max MHz: 2600.0000
CPU min MHz: 200.0000
BogoMIPS: 200.00
Flags: fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma dcpop asimddp asimdfhm ssbs
Caches (sum of all):
L1d: 12 MiB (192 instances)
L1i: 12 MiB (192 instances)
L2: 96 MiB (192 instances)
L3: 192 MiB (8 instances)
NUMA:
NUMA node(s): 8
NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-23
NUMA node1 CPU(s): 24-47
NUMA node2 CPU(s): 48-71
NUMA node3 CPU(s): 72-95
NUMA node4 CPU(s): 96-119
NUMA node5 CPU(s): 120-143
NUMA node6 CPU(s): 144-167
NUMA node7 CPU(s): 168-191
Vulnerabilities:
Itlb multihit: Not affected
L1tf: Not affected
Mds: Not affected
Meltdown: Not affected
Spec store bypass: Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Spectre v1: Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Spectre v2: Not affected
Srbds: Not affected
Tsx async abort: Not affected
获取软件包
ll
total 123M
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 6.8M Jul 17 10:29 Ascend-hdk-910b-mcu_25.50.10.zip
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 116M Jul 17 10:28 Ascend-hdk-910b-npu-driver_25.0.rc1.1_linux-aarch64.run
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 277K Jul 17 10:28 Ascend-hdk-910b-npu-firmware_7.7.0.1.231.run
创建运行用户
安装用户为安装驱动和固件所使用的用户，运行用户为驱动固件安装完成后，后续运行推理或训练业务时启动运行驱动和固件的用户。
- 如果创建的用户和用户组是HwHiAiUser，安装软件包时无需指定运行用户，默认即为HwHiAiUser。
- 如果创建的用户和用户组是非HwHiAiUser（含root），安装软件包时必须指定运行用户（通过–install-username=username –install-usergroup=usergroup参数指定）。因此如果对运行用户名称没有特殊要求，建议使用HwHiAiUser。
请参见如下方法创建运行用户。
- 以root用户登录服务器。
- 执行如下命令，创建运行用户。
groupadd usergroup
useradd -g usergroup -d /home/username -m username -s /bin/bash
示例：
groupadd HwHiAiUser
useradd -g HwHiAiUser -d /home/HwHiAiUser -m HwHiAiUser -s /bin/bash
我这里直接使用的 root 用户。
检查环境
系统是否安装过软件包
执行 lsmod | grep drv_pcie_host 命令查询系统是否安装过软件包。
- 如无内容表示未安装过软件包。可以直接安装软件包。
- 如有内容，表示安装过软件包。需要先卸载驱动包后，再安装新版本软件包。
检测芯片是否正常在位
执行 lspci | grep d802 命令，如果服务器上有N（N＞0）张NPU芯片，回显中含“d802”字段的行数为N，则表示NPU芯片正常在位。
01:00.0 Processing accelerators: Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Device d802 (rev 20)
02:00.0 Processing accelerators: Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Device d802 (rev 20)
41:00.0 Processing accelerators: Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Device d802 (rev 20)
42:00.0 Processing accelerators: Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Device d802 (rev 20)
81:00.0 Processing accelerators: Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Device d802 (rev 20)
82:00.0 Processing accelerators: Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Device d802 (rev 20)
c1:00.0 Processing accelerators: Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Device d802 (rev 20)
c2:00.0 Processing accelerators: Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Device d802 (rev 20)
安装驱动
增加软件包的可执行权限
chmod +x Ascend-hdk-910b-npu-driver_25.0.rc1.1_linux-aarch64.run
校验安装包的一致性和完整性
./Ascend-hdk-910b-npu-driver_25.0.rc1.1_linux-aarch64.run --check
Makeself logfile: /root/log/makeself/makeself.log
Verifying archive integrity... 100% SHA256 checksums are OK. All good.
Verifying archive integrity... 100% SHA256 checksums are OK. All good.
Uncompressing ASCEND DRIVER RUN PACKAGE 100%
[Driver] [2025-07-17 10:31:56] [INFO]Start time: 2025-07-17 10:31:56
[Driver] [2025-07-17 10:31:56] [INFO]LogFile: /var/log/ascend_seclog/ascend_install.log
[Driver] [2025-07-17 10:31:56] [INFO]OperationLogFile: /var/log/ascend_seclog/operation.log
[Driver] [2025-07-17 10:31:56] [INFO]End time: 2025-07-17 10:31:56
安装驱动
软件包默认安装路径为 “/usr/local/Ascend”。
./Ascend-hdk-910b-npu-driver_25.0.rc1.1_linux-aarch64.run --full --install-username=root --install-usergroup=root --install-for-all
Verifying archive integrity... 100% SHA256 checksums are OK. All good.
Uncompressing ASCEND DRIVER RUN PACKAGE 100%
[Driver] [2025-07-17 10:35:21] [INFO]Start time: 2025-07-17 10:35:21
[Driver] [2025-07-17 10:35:21] [INFO]LogFile: /var/log/ascend_seclog/ascend_install.log
[Driver] [2025-07-17 10:35:21] [INFO]OperationLogFile: /var/log/ascend_seclog/operation.log
[Driver] [2025-07-17 10:35:21] [WARNING]Do not power off or restart the system during the installation/upgrade
[Driver] [2025-07-17 10:35:21] [INFO]set username and usergroup, root:root
[Driver] [2025-07-17 10:35:22] [INFO]driver install type: DKMS
[Driver] [2025-07-17 10:35:22] [INFO]upgradePercentage:10%
[Driver] [2025-07-17 10:35:30] [INFO]upgradePercentage:30%
[Driver] [2025-07-17 10:35:30] [INFO]upgradePercentage:40%
[Driver] [2025-07-17 10:35:44] [INFO]upgradePercentage:90%
[Driver] [2025-07-17 10:35:45] [INFO]Waiting for device startup...
[Driver] [2025-07-17 10:35:49] [INFO]Device startup success
[Driver] [2025-07-17 10:36:06] [INFO]upgradePercentage:100%
[Driver] [2025-07-17 10:36:24] [INFO]Driver package installed successfully! The new version takes effect immediately.
[Driver] [2025-07-17 10:36:24] [INFO]End time: 2025-07-17 10:36:24
注意：root 用户安装驱动时，需使用--install-username=root --install-usergroup=root --install-for-all参数。
查看驱动加载是否成功
npu-smi info
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| npu-smi 25.0.rc1.1 Version: 25.0.rc1.1 |
+---------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| NPU Name | Health | Power(W) Temp(C) Hugepages-Usage(page)|
| Chip | Bus-Id | AICore(%) Memory-Usage(MB) HBM-Usage(MB) |
+===========================+===============+====================================================+
| 0 910B4 | OK | 87.2 33 0 / 0 |
| 0 | 0000:C1:00.0 | 0 0 / 0 2654 / 32768 |
+===========================+===============+====================================================+
| 1 910B4 | OK | 82.7 33 0 / 0 |
| 0 | 0000:C2:00.0 | 0 0 / 0 2654 / 32768 |
+===========================+===============+====================================================+
| 2 910B4 | OK | 82.7 33 0 / 0 |
| 0 | 0000:81:00.0 | 0 0 / 0 2654 / 32768 |
+===========================+===============+====================================================+
| 3 910B4 | OK | 89.1 34 0 / 0 |
| 0 | 0000:82:00.0 | 0 0 / 0 2654 / 32768 |
+===========================+===============+====================================================+
| 4 910B4 | OK | 84.5 39 0 / 0 |
| 0 | 0000:01:00.0 | 0 0 / 0 2654 / 32768 |
+===========================+===============+====================================================+
| 5 910B4 | OK | 84.8 37 0 / 0 |
| 0 | 0000:02:00.0 | 0 0 / 0 2654 / 32768 |
+===========================+===============+====================================================+
| 6 910B4 | OK | 87.1 38 0 / 0 |
| 0 | 0000:41:00.0 | 0 0 / 0 2654 / 32768 |
+===========================+===============+====================================================+
| 7 910B4 | OK | 81.6 37 0 / 0 |
| 0 | 0000:42:00.0 | 0 0 / 0 2653 / 32768 |
+===========================+===============+====================================================+
+---------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------------------------+
| NPU Chip | Process id | Process name | Process memory(MB) |
+===========================+===============+====================================================+
| No running processes found in NPU 0 |
+===========================+===============+====================================================+
| No running processes found in NPU 1 |
+===========================+===============+====================================================+
| No running processes found in NPU 2 |
+===========================+===============+====================================================+
| No running processes found in NPU 3 |
+===========================+===============+====================================================+
| No running processes found in NPU 4 |
+===========================+===============+====================================================+
| No running processes found in NPU 5 |
+===========================+===============+====================================================+
| No running processes found in NPU 6 |
+===========================+===============+====================================================+
| No running processes found in NPU 7 |
+===========================+===============+====================================================+
安装固件
增加软件包的可执行权限
chmod +x Ascend-hdk-910b-npu-firmware_7.7.0.1.231.run
校验安装包的一致性和完整性
./Ascend-hdk-910b-npu-firmware_7.7.0.1.231.run --check
Makeself logfile: /root/log/makeself/makeself.log
Verifying archive integrity... 100% SHA256 checksums are OK. All good.
Verifying archive integrity... 100% SHA256 checksums are OK. All good.
Uncompressing ASCEND-HDK-910B-NPU FIRMWARE RUN PACKAGE 100%
[Firmware] [2025-07-17 10:42:55] [INFO]Start time: 2025-07-17 10:42:55
[Firmware] [2025-07-17 10:42:55] [INFO]LogFile: /var/log/ascend_seclog/ascend_install.log
[Firmware] [2025-07-17 10:42:55] [INFO]OperationLogFile: /var/log/ascend_seclog/operation.log
[Firmware] [2025-07-17 10:42:56] [INFO]End time: 2025-07-17 10:42:56
安装固件
./Ascend-hdk-910b-npu-firmware_7.7.0.1.231.run --full
Verifying archive integrity... 100% SHA256 checksums are OK. All good.
Uncompressing ASCEND-HDK-910B-NPU FIRMWARE RUN PACKAGE 100%
[Firmware] [2025-07-17 10:43:18] [INFO]Start time: 2025-07-17 10:43:18
[Firmware] [2025-07-17 10:43:18] [INFO]LogFile: /var/log/ascend_seclog/ascend_install.log
[Firmware] [2025-07-17 10:43:18] [INFO]OperationLogFile: /var/log/ascend_seclog/operation.log
[Firmware] [2025-07-17 10:43:18] [WARNING]Do not power off or restart the system during the installation/upgrade
[Firmware] [2025-07-17 10:43:20] [INFO]upgradePercentage: 0%
[Firmware] [2025-07-17 10:43:32] [INFO]upgradePercentage: 90%
[Firmware] [2025-07-17 10:43:42] [INFO]upgradePercentage: 90%
[Firmware] [2025-07-17 10:43:52] [INFO]upgradePercentage: 90%
[Firmware] [2025-07-17 10:43:53] [INFO]upgradePercentage: 100%
[Firmware] [2025-07-17 10:43:53] [INFO]The firmware of [8] chips are successfully upgraded.
[Firmware] [2025-07-17 10:43:54] [INFO]Firmware package installed successfully! Reboot now or after driver installation for the installation/upgrade to take effect.
[Firmware] [2025-07-17 10:43:54] [INFO]End time: 2025-07-17 10:43:54
升级MCU
MCU是带外管理模块，具备单板监测、故障上报等功能。Atlas 900 A2 PoD 集群基础单元、Atlas 800T A2 训练服务器和Atlas 800I A2 推理服务器已集成了初始版本，为了保障所有功能正常使用，请将MCU升级到最新版本。
- 通过
npu-smi工具升级MCU。npu-smi工具可以将单个NPU的MCU升级到相应版本，如果配备了多个NPU，需要逐个升级。
准备软件包
解压 zip 文件，准备软件包 “Ascend-hdk-xxx-mcu_Y.hpm”，这里是 Ascend-hdk-910b-mcu_25.50.10.hpm。
unzip Ascend-hdk-910b-mcu_25.50.10.zip
Archive: Ascend-hdk-910b-mcu_25.50.10.zip
inflating: Ascend-hdk-910b-mcu_25.50.10.hpm
inflating: Ascend-hdk-910b-mcu_25.50.10.hpm.cms
inflating: crldata.crl
inflating: version.xml
inflating: version.xml.cms
显示所有设备的映射信息
npu-smi info -m
NPU ID Chip ID Chip Logic ID Chip Name
0 0 0 Ascend 910B4
0 1 - Mcu
1 0 1 Ascend 910B4
1 1 - Mcu
2 0 2 Ascend 910B4
2 1 - Mcu
3 0 3 Ascend 910B4
3 1 - Mcu
4 0 4 Ascend 910B4
4 1 - Mcu
5 0 5 Ascend 910B4
5 1 - Mcu
6 0 6 Ascend 910B4
6 1 - Mcu
7 0 7 Ascend 910B4
7 1 - Mcu
显示所有设备的拓扑信息
npu-smi info -l
Total Count : 8
NPU ID : 0
Chip Count : 1
NPU ID : 1
Chip Count : 1
NPU ID : 2
Chip Count : 1
NPU ID : 3
Chip Count : 1
NPU ID : 4
Chip Count : 1
NPU ID : 5
Chip Count : 1
NPU ID : 6
Chip Count : 1
NPU ID : 7
Chip Count : 1
查询MCU版本号
npu-smi upgrade -b mcu -i 0
Version : 23.3.13
升级指定NPU的MCU
npu-smi upgrade -t mcu -i 0 -f Ascend-hdk-910b-mcu_25.50.10.hpm
[WARNING]: Do not power off or restart the system during the upgrade.
Validity : success
file_len(554991)--offset(554991) [100].
transfile : successfully
Status : start to upgrade
Start upgrade [100].
Status : OK
Message : Start device upgrade successfully
Message : need active mcu
使新版本生效
npu-smi upgrade -a mcu -i 0
Status : OK
Message : The upgrade has taken effect after performed reboot successfully.
查询MCU版本号
npu-smi upgrade -b mcu -i 0
Version : 25.50.10
定制升级MCU的工具
支持三种调用方式：
-
指定单个 NPU_ID：
./upgrade_mcu.sh 3
./upgrade_mcu.sh 5 Ascend-hdk-910b-mcu_25.50.10.hpm -
指定多个 NPU_ID：
./upgrade_mcu.sh 2,4,6
./upgrade_mcu.sh 1,3 Ascend-hdk-910b-mcu_25.50.10.hpm -
一键升级 0-7 全部：
./upgrade_mcu.sh all
./upgrade_mcu.sh all Ascend-hdk-910b-mcu_25.50.10.hpm
保存为 upgrade_mcu.sh，chmod +x upgrade_mcu.sh 即可。
#!/bin/bash
# upgrade_mcu.sh <NPU_ID|ID1,ID2,...|all> [Ascend-hdk-xxx-mcu_Y.hpm]
usage() {
echo "Usage:"
echo " Single: $0 <0-7> [fw.hpm]"
echo " Multi: $0 <id1,id2,...> [fw.hpm]"
echo " All: $0 all [fw.hpm]"
exit 1
}
#---------- 参数校验 ----------
[[ $# -eq 0 ]] && usage
# 解析 NPU_ID 列表
case "$1" in
all|ALL)
NPU_LIST=(0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7)
;;
*)
# 尝试按逗号分割
IFS=',' read -ra NPU_LIST <<< "$1"
for id in "${NPU_LIST[@]}"; do
[[ "$id" =~ ^[0-7]$ ]] || usage
done
;;
esac
# 固件文件
FW_FILE=${2:-"Ascend-hdk-910b-mcu_25.50.10.hpm"}
#---------- 循环升级 ----------
for NPU_ID in "${NPU_LIST[@]}"; do
echo "=== MCU upgrade for NPU_ID $NPU_ID ==="
echo "Firmware: $FW_FILE"
npu-smi upgrade -b mcu -i "$NPU_ID"
npu-smi upgrade -t mcu -i "$NPU_ID" -f "$FW_FILE"
npu-smi upgrade -a mcu -i "$NPU_ID"
npu-smi upgrade -b mcu -i "$NPU_ID"
echo "NPU_ID $NPU_ID done."
echo
done
echo "All requested NPUs upgraded."
使用示例
# 升级 0 号
./upgrade_mcu.sh 0
# 升级 2、5、7 三块
./upgrade_mcu.sh 2,5,7 Ascend-hdk-910b-mcu_25.50.10.hpm
# 一键升级全部
./upgrade_mcu.sh all Ascend-hdk-910b-mcu_25.50.10.hpm